Analysis of Socrates’ Passage in Apology Essay - 938 Words

Despite his contributions to the foundations of philosophy as we have known today, it is a cruel irony that at 70 years old, Socrates was convicted to death for allegedly corrupting the youth’s minds. He was also convicted for not believing in the gods of the state and for speaking with contempt to the high ranking officials of his time (Ober â€Å"Gadfly on Trial† 2). The accounts of his trials were written by his avid and equally popular student Plato in Apology (Colaiaco 17). In Apology, he quoted: For if you kill me you will not easily find another like me, who, if I may use such a ludicrous figure of speech, am a sort of gadfly, given to the state by the god; and the state is like a great and noble steed who is tardy in his motions owing†¦show more content†¦Socrates sees himself as a catalyst whose purpose is to formulate questions to irritate a person’s minds. Socrates understands that this is the foundation of progress and change. He asked questions and attempted to find answers for them; questions that lead to another questions; questions that probably made the citizens annoyed of him; questions that reduced the nobles and the most powerful into blubbering idiots (Ober â€Å"Socrates† 11). Socrates said further: I daresay that you may feel irritated at being suddenly awakened when you are caught napping†¦ then you would sleep on for the remainder of your lives unless God in his care of you gives you another gadfly. This statement means that Socrates also served as a critique to those who are in power and pointed out their mistakes. Of course when someone does that to people with power, they will go mad at you, hence he was condemned to prison. However, he reminded the people that if they do not want him to point out their mistakes, then they will never realize that there is something wrong with the system. And therefore, we will not be able to adjust the world into something more that is more just and something more human. For me, Socrates is truly God’s precious gift. It is difficult to find someone with a mind asShow MoreRelatedSocrates and Civil Obecience or Disobedience1538 Words   |  7 PagesEssay: A Discussion on whether or not I believe that Socrates’ views in the Crito contradict his views expressed in the Apology. My position: I am in disagreement with this statement and my analysis, based on contextual evidence, is as follows: Although I could argue the question posited above from either position, as many have done before and, as many will continue to do after me, I do not believe that Socrates waivers in his beliefs between the two accounts according to Plato. Read MoreSocrates Apology Analysis1149 Words   |  5 Pages In her analysis of Socrates’s frame of work, Roslyn Weiss defends Socrates to seeker of knowledge. Weiss argues that Socrates should be viewed as a skeptical inquirer because of his pursuit to what is x? As Weiss puts it, Socrates is aware of his own ignorance and knows that one cannot know what things are by simply using definitions. She emphasized for one to a teacher, one must be an expert. From this point of view, it can be inferred that to teach someone you must have all the background andRead MoreApology of Socrates Summart924 Words   |  4 PagesSummary Platos The Apology is an account of the speech Socrates makes at the trial in which he is charged with not recognizing the gods recognized by the state, inventing new deities, and corrupting the youth of Athens. Socrates speech, however, is by no means an apology in our modern understanding of the word. The name of the dialogue derives from the Greek apologia, which translates as a defense, or a speech made in defense. Thus, in The Apology, Socrates attempts to defend himself andRead MorePlato1819 Words   |  8 PagesContradiction in Plato’s Apology and Crito Ben Blanks, Lynchburg College (Editor’s note: This essay by Ben Blanks is the winner of the North Award for the best paper in the 2012 Agora. Ben presented an earlier version of this paper at the ACTC Student Conference at Pepperdine University in Malibu, California, in March, 2011.) When reading the Apology and the Crito of Plato, one inevitably comes upon a seeming fundamental contradiction between the two dialogues. The Apology presents readers with aRead MorePlatoSocrates Excellence in Virtue3650 Words   |  15 PagesPlato amp; Socrates: Excellence in Virtue introduction â€Å"Socrates’ positive influence touches us even today† (May 6) and we can learn a great deal about him from one of his students, Plato. It is in Plato’s report of Socrates’ trial a work entitled, Apology, and a friend’s visit to his jail cell while he is awaiting his death in Crito, that we discover a man like no other. Socrates was a man following a path he felt that the gods had wanted him to follow and made no excuses for his lifeRead MoreCritical Analysis of Plato‚Äà ´s Apology 40c-42a2143 Words   |  9 PagesCritical Analysis of Plato’s Apology 40c-42a Plato’s Apology is one of the most well-known pieces of Plato’s writing today, perhaps due to a certain dramatic style and context that can appeal to any reader. The ‘Apology’ is the defence speech of Socrates before the court at a trial for his life. He has been accused of deliberately corrupting the young and of non-belief in the Athenians’ gods. It is widely accepted that this is a true event, Socrates was tried, found guilty and put to death. WhatRead MoreThe Concept Of Individual Rights1787 Words   |  8 Pagesreject making personal sacrifices unless they can see immediate, personal results. The Apology and Crito, written by Plato on the behalf of Socrates, explore the higher ethical concerns that dominated Socrates’ personal life and philosophy, and thus explore his view on how the society and individual should interact. The Republic expresses the views of his student Plato, through a fictionalized character of â€Å"Socrates,† regarding the nature and value of justice as it appears both in the structure of societyRead MoreAnalysis Of Benjamin And Plato s Apology872 Words   |  4 Pagesreasoning or analysis can fall under this discourse. To dissect and restructure a debatable topic is much more than just arguing about it, there must be a well thought out discourse that convinces the audiences to their specific view point. This is where logo, ethos, and pathos take center stage in a discussion, which essential evolves it into a term of rhetoric. The combinations of those three modes of persuasion really make or break any kind of protest or critique. Wit hin the passages of the bookRead MoreSocratic Wisdom1984 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Socratic Wisdom In the Apology, the oracle at Delphi stated that Socrates was the wisest man of his time (Plato 21a). Socrates, however, â€Å"[was] very conscious that [he was] not wise at all†, which would not make him the wisest man of his time (21b). Certainly, not both the oracle and Socrates could be simultaneously correct in their individual beliefs; thus, the oracle and Socrates must have had differing definitions of wisdom. What, then, is wisdom? Many people believe wisdom denotes havingRead MoreSocrates: One of the Most Important Figures in Western Philosophy1252 Words   |  6 Pages Socrates was one of the most influential thinkers in the West, even though he left no writings of himself, it was possible to reconstruct an accurate account of his life from the writings of his Greek students because he always engaged them. He was a man with a very strong conviction because he lived his life for the pursuit of knowledge, true wisdom, God’s will, and piety. Though he nev er wrote anything, his soul source of knowledge about him came from one of his students, Plato. Socrates was

Professional Values And Ethics Of Social Work - 1429 Words

Social Work is a distinctive practice and an ever-changing field in our world today. A few especially intriguing aspects of this profession are the wide spectrum of its professional values and ethics, appreciation for human diversity, and the emphasis on social and economic justice. With such widespread approaches and focuses, a master s degree in Social Work would open endless and exciting possibilities for my future. However, I believe that before a career is even considered, one must examine their personal motivations and influences. Social Work has been my primary career choice for years and no other path has caught my attention. I cannot remember a time in my life that becoming a social worker did not seem right. I feel like my whole life I have wanted to be a social worker and, as clichà © as it may sound, each year this unexplained feeling has become stronger. More specifically, my personal interest in the social work field was solidified when I lived with my aunt. My inclina tion to become a social worker solidify out of three-years of interaction and counseling sessions with my aunt’s nightly bruises and screams. At the age of 13, my father lost his job and became severely sick. By my father’s requisite, I moved in with my aunt and her husband, David, in Baltimore, Maryland. My aunt was a short, petite 32-year-old woman and at thirteen, I weighed more than she did. Many nights I kept my door cracked, sleeping with one eye open, knowing that my auntShow MoreRelatedProfessional Values And Ethics Of Social Work961 Words   |  4 Pages Social Work is a distinctive practice and an ever-changing field in our world today. A few especially intriguing aspects of this profession are the wide spectrum of its professional values and ethics, appreciation for human diversity, and the emphasis on social and economic justice. With such widespread approaches and focuses, a master degree in Social Work would open endless and exciting possibilities for my future. However, I believe that before a career is even considered, one must examineRead MoreMy Personal Values: Professional Ethics Are the Foundation of Social Work1798 Words   |  7 PagesA career in Social Work requires conviction to personal values that reflect and uphold the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Code of Ethics. Professional ethics are the foundation of social work, as the trade has an innate obligation to endorse ethical principles and basic values to advocate for the wellness of others. The core values adopted by all social workers, as distinguished by NASW, are service, social justice, dignity and worth of the person, importance of human relationshipsRead MoreProfessional Values and Ethics Paper1122 Words   |  5 Pages-1 Professional Values and Ethics Paper Rhonda Beron, Andrea De Los Santos, Emilie Goodman, and LaToya Sims GEN/200 August 16, 2010 Andrea Lara Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss the relationship among professional values, ethics, and career success. A person’s personal values and ethics can influence their professional values and ethics in the workplace. Finding the right balance between personal and professional views in the workplace will help foster a successful careerRead MoreValues Ethics in Social Work 1298 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"In this essay, we have been asked to critically assess the professional values in the ‘British Association of Social Work’ (BASW). With this the concepts of ethics and how this operates in social work practice and analyse the general role in governing and representatives bodies in social work practice†. Values are described as set of rules and guides in the right and wrong decisions we make. Values facilitates the decisions in recognising what is worthy and valuable, with this, weighs out the importantRead MoreAnalysis Of Eric Katz s Nazi Engineers 931 Words   |  4 PagesWe currently live in a world sculpted by the work of technologic professionals. As the significance of the choices made by engineers increases, it has become more and more important to ensure that these choices are ethically correct.Through analysis of Eric Katz’s Nazi Engineers, it is clear that societies ethics ultimately determine the direction in which society moves. Katz writes this essay with the purpose to educate his students about Nazi ethics so that they can avoid the moral reasoning usedRead MoreSocial Welfare Essay719 Words   |  3 Pagesthe same. Some of these routines, would include education, social life, and most important of all career perspectives. Rules and procedures vary from the different business you apply to however do the different rules and procedures vary from the countries that business thrive from? The purpose of this essay is to describe the differences and similarities from the National Association of Social Workers and the International Federation of Social Workers. The difference between the NASW and IFSW is thatRead MoreThe Codes Of Ethics Of The American Counseling Association1667 Words   |  7 PagesComparison Professional associations establish codes of ethics to ensure that clinicians uphold the standards of their association in order to protect the clients they serve and the profession they are affiliated with. This paper will compare the codes of ethics of the American Counseling Association (ACA), American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT), and National Association of Social Workers (NASW). ACA Code of Ethics The ACA is an educational, scientific, and professional organizationRead MorePersonal Values And Professional Ethics1453 Words   |  6 PagesSometimes a social worker can experience conflicts and ethical dilemmas in the practice, and the decision-making process requires a separation form the personal values and professional ethics. One conflict that may arise while working with a client is keeping personal feelings and values separated from the professional role. In the case, social worker Ajia Meux is working she is faced with some conflicts that can intertwine with her personal values and professional ethics. She was concerned withRead MoreThe Difference Between Professionalism And Ethics1590 Words   |  7 PagesThe difference between professionalism and ethics is professionalism talks about staying professional within your business and always staying up to par about what is going on within a business. Ethics talks about the study of decisions and moral judgment. Ethics is the study of what should be, what is the ultimate good and how to achieve it. People have always thought that the primary purpose of business is to serve society. Business must have a society commitment otherwise businesses cannot enjoyRead MoreRole Of Corporate Ethics On Financial Performance945 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate Value Clusters in Ethics, Social Responsibility, and Performance: A Study of Financial Professionals and Implications for the Financial Meltdown. The key of the abstract is to demonstrate the influence of corporate ethics on financial performance. The financial meltdown negatively influenced top management mindset regarding professional ethics (p. 15). Introduction. The authors study 2008 collapse of financial system to analyze the link between organizational values, social responsibility

Based god Free Essays

Dear college admissions, Affirmative action really helps minorities and under privileged Americans. It helps them pay for college and get the right training they need for success later on in life, which will help the, later on in life to get better Jobs. Hand in hand it’ll help out our economy in the long run. We will write a custom essay sample on Based god or any similar topic only for you Order Now I can understand that some people would say that it wouldn’t be beneficial for the people that aren’t from minority backgrounds and that ffirmative action is discrimination. People may say that its discrimination because the people registering students are looking if theyre for ethnicity to see if they need help paying for school. But in my opinion you money only comes in one color, and that’s green. If I could change some things about affirmative action it would be that the applicants wouldn’t have to be of color or ethnicity, they would Just have to meet the income requirements. We would check their parent’s annual income and see the best fit amount of money for their situation. When someone applies it shouldn’t tell us the race of the applicant, it should Just state the income, parents in the household, and the other basic information. Race shouldn’t influence others opinions. How to cite Based god, Papers

Nursing Practice Standards of NMBA Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Nursing Practice Standards of NMBA. Answer: According to the practice standards of NMBA, the practice protocol for a registered nurse has to be person centred and evidence based to begin with, and along with that a registered nurse must incorporate elements of preventative, curative, formative, restorative and supportive aspects of the care provided to the patient (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. 2017). Although evidence based practice has developed into a revolutionary concept in health care, it has to be understood in this context, that the concept of evidence based care is still very new to the health care industry. And there are many sectors within the health care industry that is neither accustoms with the concept of evidence based practice nor how it is supposed to be incorporated to the care provided. One of the most influential contributing factors to this scenario can be the conspicuous lack of knowledge in the nursing workforce regarding the evidence based practice and how it is integrated into health care practice. Ho wever, the benefits of evidence based practice cannot be denied either; hence a consensus regarding the rightful and optimal utilization of evidence based practice into the health care scenario (Chang, Russell Jones, 2010). This paper will attempt to represent a position statement on the evidence based practice and the issues prevalent in the optimal implementation of this practice standard into the health care scenario. It has to be mentioned in this context that evidence based practice has been recognized as a key requirement in the practice standards for a registered nurse curated by the Nursing Midwifery Board of Australia or NMBA, hence there are a set of key benefits that are facilitated by the use of evidence based practice into the nursing practice. First and foremost, evidence based practice can be explained as the research practice, that facilitates the collection, evaluation and implementation of the clinical evidence in the care planning and execution procedure to improve the patient outcome along with the quality and safety of the care provided to the patients. According to DiCenso, Guyatt Ciliska, (2014), health care industry has incorporated consumerism in a massive proportion in the past decade and in the face of extreme consumerism, incorporating evidence based practice serves the purpose of standardizing the health care practices so that better pati9ent outcomes and improved patie nt safety can be provided. It has to be mentioned in this context that evidence based practice incorporates the systematic and scientifically reasonable protocol of linking research with practice, where each and every step of the practice is based on extensive and critical research, which inevitably increases the success scope of the treatment of choice. According to Heiwe et al., (2011), the very foundation on which the evidence based practice is based on the research that provides authentic, reliable and transferable information regarding treatment choices and possible outcomes to the health care professional, which enables the health care professional to compare the available information about treatments with the possibility of the intervention or care action having a positive outcome. Johansson et al., (2010) have indicated this to be a primary reason behind the drastic improvement evidence based practice has brought forward into the health care industry, the main philosophy of evidence based practice is patient centred, hence, implementing evidence based practice helps in gaining maximum patient satisfaction and maximum patient safety. Now, despite of there being a lot of advantages to evidence based practice, there are a number of challenges or issues prevalent in the implementation process. It has to be understood that there is a significant difference between the theory of evidence based practice and how is practically applied to a clinical setting. Considering the theory of evidence based practice, the principles of evidence based practice questions each and every step of the care plan so that each step can be based on core structural research of clinical evidences. In theory, there can be three distinct steps to follow in order to implement evidence based practice into the clinical care practice (Kirmayer, 2012). The first step is knowledge creation and distillation, in which the evidence based research, is conducted from relevant and reliable medical databases and then based on the research the information gathered and packaged into specific practice recommendations. The second step to evidence based practice is the diffusion and dissemination of the information collected, which links the researchers with the health care intermediaries so that the collected data can be screened and co-aligned to fit the specific requirement of the patient optimally. The last step is end user adoption and implementation, where the best fit practice recommendation is adopted and implemented in the clinical setting for the patient under consideration (Lyons et al., 2011). Now, the practical implementation procedure of this is far from the systematic three-step framework which enforces a significant limitation of the theoretical framework, as there are a multitude of external and internal factors associated with the nursing practice that continue to influence the care practice and in turn modifying both the stages of evidence based search and its outcomes (Majid et al., 2011). As per the RN standards for practice by the NMBA, there are 7 core principles of nursing practice and each of those incorporate the concept of evidence based practice. Considering the Australian context, there is a vast cultural influence on the patient demands and patient satisfaction; hence, incorporation of core research based practice a significant number of challenges which complicates the path for successful clinical implementation of the theoretical standards. Another key challenge that widens the gap between theoretical and clinical implementation of evidence based practi ce into care scenario. Solomons Spross, (2011) have opined on the fact that evidence based practice is still a very novel concept to health care and despite its implementation into practice standards like NMBA, there is limited effort to train the existing and new staff regarding how to implement the theoretical understanding of evidence based practice into clinical settings overcoming the challenges that are prevalent in this scenario. Most of the existing nursing workforce with considerable experience is much more comfortable with traditional method of nursing; they neither understands what evidence-based practice entails nor they are adapt with the steps of this practice standards. On the other hand, the new generation of nursing workforce despite having theoretical knowledge of evidence based practice; do not have any idea of how to implement their knowledge into clinical practice with the conspicuous challenges. On the contrary, Stichler et al., (2011) have argued, that the le vel of understanding of evidence based practice in the nursing workforce is incomplete, regardless of the years of practice, and the incomplete knowledge has created negative point of view regarding the effectiveness of evidence based practice into clinical practice. Hence, until and unless robust training and skill improvement programs are executed to enhance the knowledge and understanding of evidence based practice and how to blend it with cultural safety and patient centred care the nursing workforce cannot be expected to be at the forefront of this practice standard. From the above discussion, the position statement can be clearly stated that evidence based practice is undoubtedly one of revolutionary steps which can change the health care industry for the better. However, the challenges cannot be overlooked as well, and these challenges can only be overcome with proper training to the nursing workforce which will enable them to understand the elements of evidence based practice critically and will help in incorporating this scientific research based technique into everyday practice. It has to be understood that as registered nurses, the majority of the responsibility of care planning and implementation is carried by RNs, without proper training about evidence based practice and support from the rest of staff with adequate understanding of this concept, RNs cannot be expected to implement EBP flawlessly into clinical setting. References: Chang, H. C., Russell, C., Jones, M. K. (2010). Implementing evidence-based practice in Taiwanese nursing homes: attitudes and perceived barriers and facilitators.Journal of gerontological nursing,36(1), 41-48. DiCenso, A., Guyatt, G., Ciliska, D. (2014).Evidence-Based Nursing-E-Book: A Guide to Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Heiwe, S., Kajermo, K. N., Tyni-Lenn, R., Guidetti, S., Samuelsson, M., Andersson, I. L., Wengstrm, Y. (2011). Evidence-based practice: attitudes, knowledge and behaviour among allied health care professionals.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,23(2), 198-209. Johansson, B., FOGELBERG?DAHM, M. A. R. I. E., Wadensten, B. (2010). Evidence?based practice: the importance of education and leadership.Journal of nursing management,18(1), 70-77. Kirmayer, L. J. (2012). Cultural competence and evidence-based practice in mental health: Epistemic communities and the politics of pluralism.Social science medicine,75(2), 249-256. Lyons, C., Brown, T., Tseng, M. H., Casey, J., McDonald, R. (2011). Evidence?based practice and research utilisation: Perceived research knowledge, attitudes, practices and barriers among Australian paediatric occupational therapists.Australian Occupational Therapy Journal,58(3), 178-186. Majid, S., Foo, S., Luyt, B., Zhang, X., Theng, Y. L., Chang, Y. K., Mokhtar, I. A. (2011). Adopting evidence-based practice in clinical decision making: nurses' perceptions, knowledge, and barriers.Journal of the Medical Library Association: JMLA,99(3), 229. Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Registered nurse standards for practice. (2017).Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. Retrieved 29 October 2017, from https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Professional-standards/registered-nurse-standards-for-practice.aspx Solomons, N. M., Spross, J. A. (2011). Evidence?based practice barriers and facilitators from a continuous quality improvement perspective: an integrative review.Journal of nursing management,19(1), 109-120. Stichler, J. F., Fields, W., Kim, S. C., Brown, C. E. (2011). Faculty knowledge, attitudes, and perceived barriers to teaching evidence-based nursing.Journal of Professional Nursing,27(2), 92-100.

Should Abortion Clinics Be Closed Essays - Reproductive Rights, Law

Should Abortion Clinics be Closed? Matchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free trial. Date Smarter! Should Abortion Clinics be Closed? In 1973, the supreme court decision known as Roe v. wade, made it possible for woman to get safe, legal abortions from well-trained medical practitioners and therefore led to dramatic decreases in pregnancy-related injury and death. Now the policy proposal has been done to close up abortion clinics. We are against this proposal and we will give you some arguments why we think abortion clinics in this state should not be closed. Closing up abortion clinics enables a lot of woman to have an abortion. Having an abortion should be woman's own choice. But when there are no providers of abortion around, that choice has already been made for her. Closing up the clinics will higher the barriers of having an abortion. But when the barriers are too high, this means that for some woman, the right to make their own choices in life, is taken away from them. The constitution says we have a right on Privacy, so taking away a woman's chance to make decisions over her own body and life, infringes with that right. In 1973 the American Supreme Court ruled that American's right to privacy included the right of a woman to decide whether to have children, and the right of a woman and her doctor to make that decision without state interference. Closing up abortion clinics violates that right woman have. The ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) is the nation's preeminent defender of the Constitution and The Bill of Rights, they defend the rights of all. The ACLU has protected the right of woman to choose abortion, and in recent years has argued the key cases opposing restrictions that deny woman access to reproductive health care. Policy 263 states: "The ACLU holds that every woman, as a matter of her right to the enjoyment of life, liberty, and privacy, should be free to determine whether and when to bear children." Closing up abortion clinics will be done with the purpose to reduce the number of abortions. This raises the question whether this will be effective. Before 1973 abortion was illegal. Criminalization of abortion did not reduce the number of woman who sought abortion. What is known is that between 1880 and 1973 many thousands of woman died or suffered serious medical problems after attempting to self-induce their abortions, or going to untrained practitioners who performed cheap abortions with primitive methods or in unsanitary conditions. Taking away the provision of abortion will obstruct to access for woman to have an abortion. But like before 1973, woman will keep attempting and succeed in ending unwanted pregnancies. With this a lot of woman will risk their health and even their lives. Keeping open local abortion clinics, increases the chance that woman who choose to have an abortion at least will do this in safe way. So closing up abortion clinics will not reduce the number of women who seek abortion. Demand stays the same, but the provision is declined. This means that the waiting lists of abortion clinics in others states will be much longer. Women will have to wait longer to get an abortion, and will be treated later in their pregnancy. Some people say that the unborn baby is alive and has feelings when the heart starts to beat. The heartbeat begins between the eighteenth and twenty-fifth day. So when the woman who wants to have an abortion will have to wait that long, her abortion, according to abortion activists, will get closer to murder the unborn child. This problem could be solved with keeping abortion clinics open, because then the woman can be treated early in her pregnancy, when the heart of the unborn baby is not beating yet. She won't have to wait because of long waiting lists, or because she needs time to raise her funds to be able to afford the abortion. A woman who wants to have an abortion will have to travel a long way when there are no providers around. This will make her abortion even more expensive then it already is. She will have to pay for the abortion itself, the traveling costs, and the costs of the accommodation that she will need. She is longer under way, and therefore also needs to take off from work longer, this also costs her money. All these extra expenses will make it for some woman impossible to have an abortion. An abortion clinic is not a butcher's place where young lives are getting killed. They provide woman with the choice when and whether to

USS Saratoga (CV-3) World War II Aircraft Carrier

USS Saratoga (CV-3) World War II Aircraft Carrier Originally conceived as part of a large building program in 1916, USS Saratoga was intended to be a Lexington-class battlecruiser mounting eight 16 guns and sixteen 6 guns. Authorized along with the South Dakota-class battleships as part of the Naval Act of 1916, the US Navy called for the six ships of the Lexington-class to be capable of 33.25 knots, a speed which had previously only been attainable by destroyers and other smaller craft. With the American entry into World War I in April 1917, construction of the new battlecruisers was repeatedly postponed as shipyards were called upon to produce destroyers and submarine chasers to combat the German U-boat threat and escort convoys. During this time, the final design of the Lexington-class continued to evolve and engineers worked to design a power plant capable of achieving the desired speed.      Design With the end of the war and a final design approved, construction moved forward on the new battlecruisers.  Work on Saratoga commenced on September 25, 1920 when the new ship was laid down at New York Shipbuilding Corporation in Camden, NJ. The ships name derived from the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga during the American Revolution which played a key role in securing the alliance with France. Construction was halted in early 1922 following the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty which limited naval armaments. Though the ship could not be completed as a battlecruiser, the treaty did allow for two capital ships, then under construction, to be converted into aircraft carriers. As a result, the US Navy elected to complete Saratoga and USS Lexington (CV-2) in this fashion. Work on Saratoga soon resumed and the hull was launched on April 7, 1925 with Olive D. Wilbur, wife of Secretary of the Navy Curtis D. Wilbur, serving as sponsor. Construction As converted battlecruisers, the two ships possessed superior to anti-torpedo protection than future purpose-built carriers, but were slower and had narrower flight decks. Capable of carrying over ninety aircraft, they also possessed eight 8 guns mounted in four twin turrets for anti-ship defense. This was the largest size gun permitted by the treaty. The flight deck featured two hydraulically powered elevators as well as a 155 F Mk II catapult. Intended for launching seaplanes, the catapult was seldom used during active operations. Re-designated CV-3, Saratoga was commissioned on November 16, 1927, with Captain Harry E. Yarnell in command, and became the US Navys second carrier after USS Langley (CV-1). Its sister, Lexington, joined the fleet a month later. Departing Philadelphia on January 8, 1928, future admiral Marc Mitscher landed the first aircraft on board three days later. Overview Nation: United StatesType: Aircraft CarrierShipyard: New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, NJLaid Down: September 25, 1920Launched: April 7, 1925Commissioned: November 16, 1927Fate: Sunk as part of Operation Crossroads, July 25, 1946 Specifications Displacement: 38,746 tonsLength: 880 ft.Beam: 106 ft.Draft: 24 ft., 3Propulsion: 16 Ãâ€" boilers, geared turbines and electric drive, 4 Ãâ€" screwsSpeed: 34.99 knotsRange: 10,000 nautical miles at 10 knotsComplement: 2,122 men Armament (as built) 4 Ãâ€" twin 8-in. guns, 12 Ãâ€" single 5-in. guns Aircraft (as built) 91 aircraft Interwar Years Ordered to the Pacific, Saratoga transported of force of Marines to Nicaragua before transiting the Panama Canal and arriving at San Pedro, CA on February 21. For the remainder of the year, the carrier remained in the area testing systems and machinery. In January 1929, Saratoga took part in Fleet Problem IX during which it mounted a simulated attack on the Panama Canal. Largely serving in the Pacific, Saratoga spent much of the 1930s taking part in exercises and developing strategies and tactics for naval aviation. These saw Saratoga and Lexington repeatedly show the increasing importance of aviation in naval warfare. One exercise in 1938 saw the carriers air group mount a successful attack on Pearl Harbor from the north. The Japanese would use a similar approach during their attack on the base three years later at the start of World War II. USS Saratoga (CV-3) - World War II Begins Entering Bremerton Navy Yard on October 14, 1940, Saratoga had its anti-aircraft defenses enhanced as well as received the new RCA CXAM-1 radar. Returning to San Diego from a brief refit when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, the carrier was ordered to carry US Marine Corps fighters to Wake Island. With the Battle of Wake Island raging, Saratoga arrived at Pearl Harbor on December 15, but was unable to reach Wake Island before the garrison was overrun. Returning to Hawaii, it remained in the area until being hit by a torpedo fired by I-6 on January 11, 1942. Sustaining boiler damage, Saratoga returned to Pearl Harbor where temporary repairs were made and its 8 guns removed. Leaving Hawaii, Saratoga sailed for Bremerton where further repairs took place and modern batteries of 5 anti-aircraft guns installed. Emerging from the yard on May 22, Saratoga steamed south to San Diego to begin training its air group. Shortly after arriving, it was ordered to Pearl Harbor to take part in the Battle of Midway. Unable to sail until June 1, it did not arrive in the battle area until June 9. Once there, it embarked Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher, whose flagship, USS Yorktown (CV-5) had been lost in the fighting. After briefly operating with USS Hornet (CV-8) and USS Enterprise (CV-6) the carrier returned to Hawaii and began ferrying aircraft to the garrison on Midway. On July 7, Saratoga received orders to move to the Southwest Pacific to aid in Allied operations in the Solomon Islands. Arriving late in the month, it began conducting airs strikes in preparation for the invasion of Guadalcanal. On August 7, Saratogas aircraft provided air cover as the 1st Marine Division opened the Battle of Guadalcanal. In the Solomons Though the campaign had just begun, Saratoga and the other carriers were withdrawn on August 8 to refuel and replenish aircraft losses. On August 24, Saratoga and Enterprise returned to the fray and engaged the Japanese at the Battle of the Eastern Solomons. In the fighting, Allied aircraft sank the light carrier Ryujo and damaged the seaplane tender Chitose, while Enterprise was hit by three bombs. Protected by cloud cover, Saratoga escaped the battle unscathed. This luck did not hold and a week after the battle the carrier was struck by a torpedo fired by I-26 which caused a variety of electrical issues. After making temporary repairs at Tonga, Saratoga sailed to Pearl Harbor to be dry docked. It did not return to the Southwest Pacific until arriving at Noumà ©a in early December. Through 1943, Saratoga operated around the Solomons supporting Allied operations against Bougainville and Buka. During this time, it operated with for periods with HMS Victorious and the light carrier USS Princeton (CVL-23). On November 5, Saratogas aircraft conducted strikes against the Japanese base at Rabaul, New Britain. Inflicting heavy damage, they returned six days later to attack again. Sailing with Princeton, Saratoga took part in the Gilbert Islands offensive in November. Striking Nauru, they escorted troop ships to Tarawa and provided air cover over the island. In need of an overhaul, Saratoga was withdrawn on November 30 and directed to proceed to San Francisco. Arriving in early December, the carrier spent a month in the yard which saw additional anti-aircraft guns added. To the Indian Ocean Arriving at Pearl Harbor on January 7, 1944, Saratoga joined with Princeton and USS Langley (CVL-27) for attacks in the Marshall Islands. After attacking Wotje and Taroa at the end of the month, the carriers began raids against Eniwetok in February. Remaining in the area, they supported the Marines during the Battle of Eniwetok later the month. On March 4, Saratoga departed the Pacific with orders to join the British Eastern Fleet in the Indian Ocean. Sailing around Australia, the carrier reached Ceylon on March 31. Joining with the carrier HMS Illustrious and four battleships, Saratoga took part in successful raids against Sebang and Surabaya in April and May. Ordered back to Bremerton for an overhaul, Saratoga entered port on June 10. With work complete, Saratoga returned to Pearl Harbor in September and began operations with USS Ranger (CV-4) to train night fighting squadrons for the US Navy. The carrier remained in the area conducting training exercises until January 1945 when it was ordered to join USS Enterprise in support of the invasion of Iwo Jima. After training exercises in the Marianas, the two carriers joined in mounting diversionary attacks against the Japanese home islands. Refueling on February 18, Saratoga was detached with three destroyers the next day and directed to launch night patrols over Iwo Jima and nuisance attacks against Chi-chi Jima. Around 5:00 PM on February 21, a Japanese air attack struck the carrier. Hit by six bombs, Saratogas forward flight deck was badly damaged. By 8:15 PM the fires were under control and the carrier was sent to Bremerton for repairs. Final Missions These took until May 22 to complete and it was not until June that Saratoga arrived at Pearl Harbor to commence training its air group. It remained in Hawaiian waters until the wars end in September. One of only three prewar carriers (along with Enterprise and Ranger) to survive the conflict, Saratoga was ordered to take part in Operation Magic Carpet. This saw the carrier carry 29,204 American serviceman home from the Pacific. Already obsolete due to the arrival of numerous Essex-class carriers during the war, Saratoga was deemed surplus to requirements after the peace. As a result, Saratoga was assigned to Operation Crossroads in 1946. This operation called for the testing of atomic bombs at Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands. On July 1, the carrier survived Test Able which saw a bomb air burst over the assembled ships. Having sustained only minor damage, the carrier was sunk following the underwater detonation of Test Baker on July 25. In recent years, the wreck of Saratoga has become a popular scuba diving destination.

UFC Business Applied Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

UFC Business Applied Project - Essay Example The technologies of Nokia have also been considered in the paper along with its impact on the targeted customers of the brand. Various practical strategies have been considered by Nokia in order to sustain in the market which has also been presented in the paper. From the study, it has been observed that Nokia implements different technology strategies for different countries based on the variances of the targeted customer groups. One of the key success factors achieved by Nokia in its global operations is its competency in developing appropriate technology strategies with due consideration towards the market requirements and trends. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 4 Mobile Phone Technology Evolution 5 Past, Present & Future of Nokia’s Technology Strategies 6 Brand Specific Case Study 8 Brand Strategy 10 Conclusion 11 11 References 13 Introduction The Caucasus regions include a number of countries like Russia, Georgia, Iran and Turkey. Among these, Russia an d Turkey are identified as the main target markets of Nokia. The reason behind Russia and Turkey are the targeted markets for Nokia among the Caucasus regions because the countries share huge population in comparison to Georgia and Iran. The customers of Russia and Turkey have more customer preference for Nokia with respect to Georgia and Iran. ... ched its business in the late 1980s Nokia has expanded its successful business in Turkey also offering target customers with a varied product range including Near Field Communication (NFC) and mobile phone accessories (Nokia, 2012a; Nokia, 2003). Similarly in the CIS region, Ukraine and Kazakhstan are the major targeted markets of Nokia. In the markets of Ukraine and Kazakhstan Nokia provides the customers with its updated technology products such as Nokia 808 Pure View and various kinds of popular applications. Customer service is important in these markets along with offering updated products at frequent intervals to its targeted customers (Nokia, 2012b; Nokia, 2012c). It is in this context that these regions have been identified to witness rapid technology evolutions in the mobile phone industry. With due regards to this fact, the prime objective of the paper is to identify the process through which technology evolution took place in the regions of Caucasus and CIS. The discussion will further intend to develop an understanding of the role played by Nokia in the process with regards to its brand strategies in these regions. Mobile Phone Technology Evolution The evolution of mobile phones instigated with the launch of 1st Generation (1G) mobile tools launched in the year 1978 and developed through the analogue system. The 2nd Generation (2G) mobile phones were launched in the 1990s. The mobile phones had Global System Mobile Communication (GSM) and the kind of service initially started from Europe. The 3rd Generation (3G) mobile phones were an added advantage to the then available systems. The 3G technology bought facilities like video, audio and graphics application. The purpose behind developing 3G technologies was to set up a single network other than different

Report on Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Report on Performance Management - Essay Example The report will cover the definitions of each link and the transitional aspect portrayed in management process undertaken by the firm. This report is an application of theoretical course work into practical work. Performance management is a continuous process which never ends. Once incorporated in an organization, it forms part of the culture of that enterprise. The process involves six closely related components namely; prerequisites, performance planning, performance execution, performance review, and performance renewal and re-contracting. Each of the above components requires thoroughness in implementation. In the event of poor implementation of any of the above, the entire performance system suffers. This is why it is eminent for links to be established between the components. Some of the recommendations suggested to performance in Omega Inc. include; management and the employees should together identify the necessary tasks to be accomplished and the mode of action necessary to ensure success. This involves the prior analysis of the anticipated results and the appropriate behaviours required to accomplish those tasks. The objectives should be mutually agreed between the organization management and the employees. ... Excellent performers should be encouraged through concentrating on their strengths and enlightening them on how they can capitalize on their strengths to improve performance. In conclusion, the consequences suffered due to the failure of the performance management process in the case study indicated that the process is a strategy that systemizes and manages the impact of all contributing factors that influence the organizational productivity and performance. The analysis of Omega Inc. has provided the practical facts that involve the transition from one link to another as stipulated in the basics of the performance management process. From the above discussion on the case study, it is clear that for any performance management process to be successful, everyone in the organization should be involved; not just the sale representatives or managers. Contents Executive Summary 1 Contents 2 Topic Background 4 The Case Study: Performance Management Process in Omega Inc. 5 Discussion 5 Perfo rmance management links 5 Prerequisites 5 Performance planning 7 Performance Execution 8 Performance Assessment 9 Performance Review 10 Performance Renewal and Re-Contracting 11 Conclusion 12 Recommendations 12 Robbins, S.P. (2012). Management, Pearson Australia, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W. p. 444. 15 Report on Performance Management Performance management is a continuous process of measuring, identifying, developing and aligning the performance of teams and individuals with the organizational goals. The process involves six closely related components namely; prerequisites, performance planning, performance execution, performance review and performance renewal and re-contracting. Each component of

Criminal Justice Trends Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Justice Trends - Research Paper Example The paper will finally discuss the value of the criminal justice system in a changing society. In many societies today, people heavily depend on policing within their communities as more and more human beings want to feel safe around their communities and the world at large. The changes in the criminal justice system can be seen by looking at how cautious people are becoming towards crime (Sunga, 1997). For example, many years back, the rates of crimes reported by many police departments were very low. Surveys show that people felt safer and would even walk in and out of their homes at night without feeling threatened. However, these trends have changed and the rates of crimes have been reported to have gone up significantly (Walker, 1980). These changes are reflected in the criminal justice system. As the rate of crime increases, the criminal justice system has had to adjust so as to deal with the increase (Fuller, 2005). The criminal justice system generally refers to a collection of local, state or federal public agencies that are instituted to deal with the problem of crime. The criminal justice system is made up of three important components: the police, corrections and the courts. These three components work together to ensure that crimes are deterred or prevented through the apprehension, trial and punishment of criminal offenders (Walker, 1980). This means that the criminal justice system is made up of a legislative branch which is responsible for the creation of laws, adjudication which comprises of the courts of law and the corrections branch which comprises of parole, probation, prisons and jails (Fuller, 2005). The police are contained in police departments which are public agencies charged with the responsibility of maintaining order and enforcing the criminal law. Police officers operate within communities so as to control and prevent crime. The courts on the other hand are tribunals where people who have been accused of criminal offenses have the ir cases listened to and determined by judges or juries. Correction facilities comprise of jails, parole, prisons and probation which are meant to rehabilitate or punish criminal offenders so as to ensure public safety. These components of the criminal justice system have been undergoing several changes over the years (Sunga, 1997). It is important to note that as society evolves, so does the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system has been in constant evolution so as to keep up with the priorities of societies (Walker, 1980). As society changes and advances, the criminal justice system has had to be altered so as to keep up with the societal changes and advances by protecting and serving the unique needs of the changing society (Fuller, 2005). As society becomes more and more aware about human rights and the importance of fairness, justice and equality regardless of race or gender, the criminal justice system has had to change so as to adapt to these societal demands ( Sunga, 1997). A review of the recent trends that affect the criminal justice system shows that the criminal justice system has been changing in many areas such as in racial and gender issues. These include statuses of women, gender discrimination, racial discrimination and minorities in society (Walker, 1980). A good example that can be used to illustrate the changing trends is seen in the police departments. For example, in the past, there have been a lot of obstacles

MRI as a Breast Cancer Screening Tool

MRI as a Breast Cancer Screening Tool Chapter 1 Introduction In the United States, one in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer, accounting for 26% of all cancer cases in women (Jiao, 2014). The standard of care for women over the age of 40 is mammography. It has been shown to increase life expectancy by detecting breast cancer through a quick and easy x-ray. Magnetic resonance imaging, which is more sensitive to breast cancer is costlier and produces more false-positive results, therefore it is not used as often. When mammography is the only test being done, breast cancer is more likely to go undetected in patients with dense breasts and those with small lesions. In high-risk women, MRI has been shown to detect breast cancer in earlier stages than mammography. MRI screening is successfully reported between 77% and 91% (Jiao, 2014). Most detections from MRI are located within axillary lymph nodes during stage 1 breast cancer. A patient may simply refuse yearly mammograms, when she goes five years later breast cancer may be in the fi nal stage whereas MRI could’ve detected it years earlier. Women are recalled more often for additional diagnostic testing when screened less frequently and recalled less often when screened more frequently (Orel, 2005). The American Cancer Society recommends MRI testing for women with the BCRA1 & BCRA 2 genes or a lifetime risk of 20% or greater for breast cancer (Saslow, 2007). Women who inherit the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene have a 45% to 65% chance of developing breast cancer (Plevritis, 2006). BRCA 1 gene carriers are at a greater risk for developing breast cancer at an aggressive pace. Tumors in women screened with mammography alone are larger and more likely to have metastasized to axillary nodes (Taneja, 2009). MRI is approximately ten times more expensive than mammography making its cost effectiveness a critical consideration (Jiao, 2014). Due to its lower specificity than mammography increased costs are related to biopsies and additional exams. Estimated lifetime costs for 10,000 women would be higher by $10.6 million with MRI in combination with mammography than with mammography alone. In 2009, the costs billed to Medicare for a bilateral mammography was $49.76 while a bilateral MRI was $965.57 (Jiao, 2014). The price per quality adjusted life year would be $310,616 when MRI was performed with mammography (Fieg, 2009). MRI screening is most cost effective if the cost of MRI decreased or the cost of mammography decreased, when the risk of breast cancer increases, when mammography performance worsens, and if greater quality of life is accomplished (Orel, 2005). MRI becomes cost effective when patients with high-risk profiles are treated. If cancer was detected early enough, chemotherapy can be reduced. MRI is also needed for surveillance when breast conserving therapy results in recurrences. MRI would yield an additional 106 years of life per 10,000 women (Fieg, 2009). Women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 start mammograms at the age of 25 which makes MRI more cost effective and would decrease their radiation dose. Given the aggressive nature of breast cancer, screening with MRI whether alone or with mammography is cost effective and will prolong life expectancy (Berg, 2012). Contrast enhanced MRI is proven to detect breast cancer in the earliest stages compared to ultrasound and mammography. Statement of the Problem and Professional Significance Is MRI effective as screening tool for breast cancer? Which modality is the most effective study for diagnosing breast cancer? Are imaging modalities other than MRI a waste of time and money for patients? Mammography is seen as the first step in preventing breast cancer when a patient turns 40. For some patients, it might already be too late. Mammography is quick and low cost but does not detect breast cancer in patients with dense breasts or small lesions. MRI is considered the gold standard in imaging but is used with fewer women. As the population grows and rates of cancer increase, patients are demanding precise diagnosis and early detection for cancer. What factors should stand out to differentiate who receives MRI vs. mammography? By gathering medical history and diagnosis from several women receiving breast MRI’s, data will be examined to determine whether or not breast MRI’s were needed for proper diagnosis and if testing detected further malignancies. Research Hypothesis 1. It is hypothesized that MRI will be more effective in detecting breast abnormalities than Ultrasound or Mammography. This can be tested by comparing the results of their MRI with results of previous tests.    2. It is hypothesized that at least 50% of patients will feel more confident regarding their diagnosis following a MRI scan. This can be tested by having patients rank how they felt before and after having the test and talking with a radiologist on staff (using a scale of 1-10). 3. It is hypothesized that patients will not have had a mastectomy or received radiation until an MRI is performed. By surveying patients to determine who was and wasn’t diagnosed prior to MRI and what measures they took to prevent the malignancy from spreading I can determine these results.    4. It is hypothesized that patients positive for breast cancer will have at least one lesion undetected on mammography or ultrasound because of its small size or position in the axillary region.   This can be tested by comparing MRI test results with other imaging modalities. 5. It is hypothesized that 10% of participants will have had inconclusive results. This can be determined by whether the radiologist recommends a breast biopsy. MRI can produce false-positives, which cause the radiologist to compare results with past imaging. 6. It is hypothesized that at least 50% of the participants were recommended to have an MRI after inconclusive testing in other modalities. This information will be obtained through obtaining previous medical history in the survey. Definitions Breast cancer Uncontrolled growth of breast cells resulting in a malignant tumor (Medical Dictionary Online, 2018). Malignant Cancerous tumor that can spread to other parts of the body. Benign Tumor that is not dangerous to health. Quality adjusted life year Used to assess the value for money of medical intervention. One QALY = one year of perfect health (Science Direct Online, 2018). Probabilistic sensitivity analysis Technique used in economic modeling that allows the modellar to quantify the level of confidence in the output of the analysis (Science Direct Online, 2018). National comprehensive cancer network Not-for-profit alliance of leading cancer centers devoted to patient care, research, and education. BRCA 1 breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein- Identified in 1990 and is on chromosome 17, increases likelihood of cervical, uterine, and colon cancer (National Cancer Institute, 2018). BRCA 2 breast cancer type 2 susceptibility protein- Identified in 1994 and is on chromosome 13-, increases likelihood of stomach cancer, gallbladder cancer, and melanoma (National Cancer Institute, 2018). Ultrasound Imaging test using high frequency sound waves. MRI Imaging test that used magnets to generate a detailed picture. Mammography Images produced from low dose radiation. Gadolinium Chemical element of atomic number 64, injected into patients as contrast during MRI. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) Presence of abnormal cells inside a milk duct in the breast (Medical Dictionary Online, 2018). Mastectomy Surgical operation to remove a breast. Stereotactic biopsy Procedure that uses mammography to precisely identify and sample an abnormality within the breast. Limitations and Delimitations This study will survey twenty women (all ages) who are scheduled for breast MRI’s at Geisinger Community Medical Center during September-November 2018. I will conduct surveys with the patient prior to their MRI. Breast MRI’s will be conducted on a 1.5T, Siemens machine. All patients will be scanned using the same protocol for imaging regardless of medical history. External limitations are obtaining a medical history, incompletion of the patient’s MRI, lack of intravenous access for contrast, claustrophobia, and no show appointments. I will rely on patients to give me a detailed, accurate medical history. Assumptions During a typical work day in MRI at Geisinger Hospital a breast MRI is completed once. Within a typical month at least 20 scans are completed. This should allow me to survey enough patients over a six-week period. Permission for this study will come from patients who allow me to ask questions regarding their medical history and diagnosis. In accordance with HIPAA, I will keep all patient names and identifying information anonymous. Chapter 2 Introduction The purpose of this research project is to determine if MRI is effective as an imaging tool for diagnosing breast cancer. By surveying women, who have been diagnosed or are currently being diagnosed, collecting medical history, and analyzing data, imaging modalities will be examined to determine the most reliable, accurate, and timely way to diagnose breast cancer. If MRI is more efficient than mammography and ultrasound, time and money spent on those modalities could be eliminated. Women can be treated faster, and cancer could be diagnosed earlier when proper testing is ordered. Breast cancer during stage one is treatable, thousands of lives could be changed when it is diagnosed in a timely manner. Cancer is the overall most common cause of death in America with breast cancer being the most common type (Jiao, 2014). One in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer during their lifetime making it a very costly disease. Standard protocols for screening are determined by the American Cancer Society. Screening mammography is recommended for women with a 25-30% lifetime risk of breast cancer (National Cancer Institute, 2018). This includes women treated for Hodgkin disease and those with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer. Screening mammography typically starts at age 40 unless preexisting conditions are present, screening begins at age 25. The Gail, Claus, and Tyrer-Cusick models are used to estimate breast cancer based on family history. Breast cancer genes 1 and 2 (BRCA) are found in 1/500-1/1,000 women. Women of Jewish ethnicity have a 1/50 risk (National Cancer Institute, 2018). Those who test positive have a 65% chance of breast cancer by 70 years old (Saslow, 2007). What are American Cancer Society Guidelines? Recommendations for women at average risk of breast cancer are women between 40 and 44  have the option to start screening with a mammogram every year. Women ages 45 to 54  should get mammograms every year. Women 55 and older  can continue with mammograms every year or switch to having mammograms every other year (American Cancer Society, 2018). Screening should continue as long as a woman is in good health and is expected to live 10 more years or longer. Not all types of breast cancer cause a lump in the breast. Many breast cancers are found on screening mammograms which can detect cancers at an earlier stage, before the mass can be felt, and before symptoms develop. Women who are at high risk for breast cancer based on certain factors should get and MRI and a mammogram every year, starting at age 30 (American Cancer Society, 2018). This includes women who have a lifetime risk of breast cancer of about 20% to 25% or greater, have a known BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation, have a first-degree relative (parent, brother, sister, or child) with a  BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation, had radiation therapy to the chest when they were between the ages of 10 and 30 years, or have Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Cowden syndrome, or Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome, or have first-degree relatives with one of these syndromes. (American Cancer Society, 2018). The American Cancer Society recommends against MRI screening for women whose lifetime risk of breast cancer is less than 15%. MRI in this case would be less cost-effective and timelier for patients to get done. How does MRI detect breast cancer? There are three imaging modalities that can effectively detect breast cancer. MRI, mammography, and ultrasound are commonly used in different combinations. MRI uses magnetic fields to produce cross-sectional images of breast tissue. Hydrogen atoms in fat and water contribute to the signal that is produced (Pilewskie, 2014). Gadolinium, IV based contrast, is administered to detect lesions and cancer. Subtraction images are obtained to differentiate fat from enhancing lesions. MRI produces high quality imaging from signal to noise ratio and high spatial resolution (Pilewskie, 2014). MRI is safe for all women (unless contraindicated by pregnancy) and doesn’t use radiation. A drawback to MRI is false positives that are produced and additional testing that this creates. On the other hand, additional testing leads to a higher number of cancer detected. The more women who are being closely watched and recommended for further tests, the greater their likelihood of being diagnosed earl y. In a study in the UK involving high risk populations, 4% found MRI â€Å"extremely distressing† and 47% reported having disturbing thoughts about it six weeks after (Saslow, 2007). Due to the psychological distress of MRI, other testing needs to be considered. Imaging Limitations Unlike other imaging tests, MRI candidates need to be screened for metal before considering the test. Pacemakers, aneurysm clips, specific stents and filters, and neuro-stimulators are not allowed in the machine. Body habitus and claustrophobia are also factors to consider. A small, loud environment can cause emotional distress and anxiety for a patient, some patients will refuse MRI testing. Breast MRI testing should be completed with and without contrast. Gadolinium, MRI contrast, can only be injected in patients with a glomerular filtration rate of >60. Patients on dialysis, with impaired kidney function, diabetes, high blood pressure, or certain allergies may not be able to receive contrast, making the test inconclusive. MRI results can also be misleading. False-negatives and false-positives occur from technical limitations, patient characteristics, quality assurance failures, human error, and heightened medical concern. A false negative exam looks normal even though the patient has breast cancer. They are more likely to occur in younger patients with dense breasts. MRI is commonly used for dense tissue to differentiate benign and malignant lumps. A false positive test looks abnormal even though the patient doesn’t have cancer. False positives occur in half of women getting mammograms over a ten-year period (Gillman, 2014). MRI’s and MRI guided biopsies are usually recommended for more accurate diagnosis. A patient’s need for definitive findings may increase testing ordered. According to the American Medical Association, 7% of women are biopsied only because of MRI findings. The call back and biopsy rates of MRI are higher than mammography in high risk populations due to the increased sensitivity of MRI (Gillman, 2014). MRI is also able to obtain images for women with breast implants. 3D and 2D images are acquired in all planes, whereas mammography could miss an area of interest and compromise the breast implant.    Economic Impact   Cancer treatment can be impacted by lack of insurance, proximity to health care facilities, and availability of services. According to  Cancer Facts & Figures 2018, â€Å"Uninsured patients and those from many ethnic minority groups are substantially more likely to be diagnosed with cancer at a later stage, when treatment can be more extensive, costlier, and less successful.† (American Cancer Society 2018). Without routine mammograms, breast cancer can go undiagnosed and impose much higher costs when it’s found in a later stage. Early detection can potentially eliminate radiation, chemotherapy, mastectomy, and breast reconstruction. In 2009, the average Medicare reimbursement for a bilateral mammogram was $49.76, a bilateral MRI $965.57, and mastectomy $13,590.03 (Moore, 2009). These procedures drastically differ in costs therefore insurance companies use cost effectiveness and quantity adjusted life years as means in determining which patient will benefit from costlier studies. MRI screening becomes more cost effective as the cost of MRI decreases or the cost of mammography increases. It is also more cost effective for patients with higher risk profiles such as BRCA1 & BRCA2 genes. MRI combined with mammography would produce 106 years of life per 10,000 women compared with mammography alone (Taneja, 2009). The drawback is that MRI in addition to mammography would increase lifetime health care costs for those 10,000 women by $10,600,000 (Taneja, 2009). What does insurance cover? Breast cancer is the costliest cancer to treat. In 2010, it cost $16.5 billion in the United States to treat breast cancer. A major concern when ordering breast MRI’s is that insurance will deny it or charge a high co-pay. MRI’s cost more due to radiologist, facility, contrast, and technology fees. According to a survey by the American Cancer Society, many patients are cutting prescriptions, not going to their doctor, and not getting preventive services due to the high costs. Yearly mammograms are covered by insurance companies. The average cost of a breast MRI in the United States is $1,325 with prices ranging from $375 to $2,850. Patients with health insurance are responsible for paying their deductible, copay, and coinsurance amounts. The amount of each of these costs depends on their health plan. Patients without health insurance are responsible for 100% of mammogram and MRI costs. Case Study In a study published by the New England Journal of Medicine, titled MRI evaluation of the Contralateral Breast in Women with Recently Diagnosed Breast Cancer, 969 women with a diagnosis of unilateral breast cancer and no abnormalities on mammography went for a breast MRI. MRI detected clinically occult breast cancer in the contralateral breast tissue in 30 women (Lehman, 2007). Biopsies were performed on 121 of the 969 women whose MRI showed breast cancer (Lehman, 2007). Of those 121, 30 were tested positive. MRI was able to detect cancer that was missed by mammography and clinical exam. Within the 969 women, 33 tumors were diagnosed with 30 being from MRI. The three others were diagnosed from a mastectomy specimen before a biopsy could be performed. Those three samples contained ductal carcinomas in situ and measured 1, 3, and 4 mm in diameter. The most common types of invasive cancer found on MRI was ducal carcinoma (67%), invasive lobular carcinoma (22%), and tubular carcinoma (Le hman, 2007). 96.7% of cancer found was stage 0 or 1. The overall high accuracy of MRI is due to technology and interpretation of results. Contrast enhanced MRI aids in distinguishing benign from malignant patterns. This study also showed that screening MRI can improve on mammography by detecting cancer in women at high risk especially those with aggressive cancers. When ordering MRI, cost effectiveness continues to be a major concern. In the article, American Cancer Society Guidelines for Breast Screening with MRI as an Adjunct to Mammography, benefits of MRI’s sensitivity in detecting lesions is noted but without data on the recurrence and survival rates, MRI is not recommended as a screening exam. The article compares study results from six published studies, sensitivity for MRI is consistently higher than mammogram and ultrasound while specificity was lower than mammogram and ultrasound. High sensitivity means MRI correctly identifies a patient with cancer. Low specificity means MRI is not able to correctly reject a patient without cancer as accurately as other modalities. MRI has higher error but in calling back more patients and performing more biopsies, it diagnoses cancer more accurately. With this being said, the article does not recommend MRI as a screening tool unless women are at an increased risk of breast cancer, have a fami ly history, or carry the BRCA gene (Stephens, 2011). Conclusion Women who present with signs and symptoms of breast cancer or have a family history should be screened with MRI in addition to mammography. It is not acceptable to deny patients imaging studies that can prolong their life. Breast cancer is 100% treatable when caught early. Due to advances in technology and a growing healthcare system, facilities are more readily available to treat women. Patients no longer need to wait months for tests or results. Steps should be taken to reduce anxiety associated with MRI cancer screening and wait time. Patients should be informed about the likelihood of false-negative and false-positive findings. Whether or not patients need to go through additional imaging, the chance of early detection outweighs the stress of additional testing. MRI is a very useful imaging test that can save lives if performed. Patients who want to be proactive in their treatment should be encouraged to get routine imaging tests done and educate themselves on different stages of breast cancer, so they understand the process they are going through. By creating high resolution imaging, MRI proves to be the most effective study for diagnosing breast cancer. MRI is able to detect smaller masses and abnormalities than other imaging tests miss. Utilization of MRI is crucial for early detection, with its results breast cancer can be highly treatable and late stages along with metastases can be stopped. MRI used in screening for women with high risk factors proves more cost effective than mammography and ultrasound because it detects cancer in earlier stages which reduces the need for more invasive, long term care. MRI is also able to cover a larger area including axillary lymph nodes where cancer is commonly missed on mammograms. References: Jiao, X., & Hay, J. (2014). Cost-Effectiveness Of Breast Mri And Mammography For Screening High Risk Population.  Value in Health,17(3). doi:10.1016/j.jval.2014.03.780 Orel, S. (2005). 1–10 Efficacy of MRI and Mammography for Breast-Cancer Screening in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Women With a Familial or Genetic Predisposition.  Breast Diseases: A Year Book Quarterly,16(1), 37-38. doi:10.1016/s1043-321x(05)80023-2 Saslow, D., Boetes, C., Burke, W., Harms, S., Leach, M. O., Lehman, C. D., . . . Russell, C. A.   Ã‚   (2007). American Cancer Society Guidelines for Breast Screening with MRI as an   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Adjunct to Mammography.  CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians,57(2), 75-89.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   doi:10.3322/canjclin.57.2.75 Feig, S. (2009). Cost Effectiveness of Breast Cancer Screening With Contrast-Enhanced MRI in High-Risk Women.  Breast Diseases: A Year Book Quarterly,20(4), 383-385. doi:10.1016/s1043-321x(09)79390-7 Berg WA, Zhang Z, Lehrer D, et al. Detection of Breast Cancer With Addition of Annual   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Screening Ultrasound or a Single Screening MRI to Mammography in Women With Elevated Breast Cancer Risk.  JAMA.2012;307(13):1394–1404. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.388 National Cancer Institute. (2018). Retrieved August 31,2018, from National Cancer Institute   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet#q1 Medical Dictionary Online. (2018). Retrieved August 31,2018, from Medical Dictionary Online:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/breast+cancer Medical Dictionary Online. (2018). Retrieved August 31,2018, from Medical Dictionary Online: https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/carcinoma Elsevier Online. (2018). Retrieved August 31,2018, from Science Direct Online:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://www.sciencedirect.com/search?qs=QALY&show=25&sortBy=relevance Elsevier Online. (2018). Retrieved August 31,2018, from Science Direct Online:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0010480986900200 National Comprehensive Cancer Network: Practice Guidelines in Oncology – Genetic/Familial   Ã‚   High-Risk Assessment: Breast and Ovarian. 2005, National Comprehensive Cancer   Ã‚   Network, Inc, 1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Murray T, Thun MJ: Cancer Statistics, 2008. CA Cancer J Clin. 2008, 58: 71-96. 10.3322/CA.2007.0010. Information and Resources about for Cancer: Breast, Colon, Lung, Prostate, Skin. (n.d.). Retrieved September 18, 2018, from https://www.cancer.org/ Ali, K., & Vinnicombe, S. (2018). Accuracy of contrast enhanced breast tomosynthesis in patients suspected of having breast cancer: Comparison with digital mammography and breast MRI.  Http://isrctn.com/. doi:10.1186/isrctn12691785 Gillman, J., Toth, H. K., & Moy, L. (2014). The Role of Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Screening Breast MRI in Populations at Increased Risk for Breast Cancer.  Womens Health,10(6), 609-622. doi:10.2217/whe.14.61 Pilewskie, M., & King, T. A. (2014). Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer: A review of the literature.  Cancer,120(14), 2080-2089. doi:10.1002/cncr.28700 Heil, J., Czink, E., Schipp, A., Sohn, C., Junkermann, H., & Golatta, M. (2012). Detected, yet not Diagnosed Breast Cancer Screening with MRI Mammography in High-Risk Women.  Breast Care,7(3), 236-239. doi:10.1159/000339688 Lehman, C. D. (2007, March 29). MRI Evaluation of the Contralateral Breast in Women with Recently Diagnosed Breast Cancer. Retrieved September 19, 2018, from http://www.nejm.org/ Stephens, T. (2011). Breast Cancer Screening With Imaging: Recommendations From the Society of Breast Imaging and the ACR on the Use of Mammography, Breast MRI, Breast Ultrasound, and Other Technologies for the Detection of Clinically Occult Breast Cancer.  Yearbook of Diagnostic Radiology, 2011, 46-47. doi:10.1016/s0098-1672(10)79236-5 Plevritis, S. K., Kurian, A. W., Sigal, B. M., Daniel, B. L., Ikeda, D. M., Stockdale, F. E., & Garber, A. M. (2006). Cost-effectiveness of Screening BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers With Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging.  Jama,295(20), 2374.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   doi:10.1001/jama.295.20.2374 Taneja, C., Edelsberg, J., Weycker, D., Guo, A., Oster, G., & Weinreb, J. (2009). Cost Effectiveness of Breast Cancer Screening With Contrast-Enhanced MRI in High-Risk Women.  Journal of the American College of Radiology,6(3), 171-179. doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2008.10.003 Moore, S. G., Shenoy, P. J., Fanucchi, L., Tumeh, J. W., & Flowers, C. R. (2009). 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Comparing the Dream Deferred in Raisin in the Sun and Death of a Salesman :: comparison compare contrast essays

A Dream Deferred in A Raisin in the Sun and Death of a Salesman Most everyone in America would like to achieve financial success. Sometimes living in a capitalistic society entices many to become too materialistic. Greed is the characteristic that many Americans then attain. This is all in pursuit of the American dream. For most Americans, this high status is very difficult to achieve. In Arthur Miller's, Death of a Salesman, we see how difficult it was for Willy Loman and his sons to achieve this so called American dream, and these people were proud white Americans. In Lorraine Hansberry's ,A Raisin in the Son, she examines an African-American's family's struggle to break out of the poverty that is preventing them from achieving some sort of financial stability, or the American Dream. It focuses on Walter's attempt in "making it," or "being somebody." She also analyzes how race prejudice and economic insecurity affect a black mans role in his own family, his ability to provide, and his identity. What Hansberry is trying to illustrate is how West ern civilization has conditioned society to have materialistic aspirations and how these ideals corrupt the black man's identity and his family. Many black men have to deal with a systematic racism that effects their role in society. The frustrations that a black man has to deal with can affect the family a great deal. For example, if Walter gets upset at work or has a bad day, he can't get irate with his boss and risk loosing his job; instead he takes it out on his wife Ruth. Also, the job that he holds can only provide so much to the family. He's not even capable of providing his son Travis with some pocket change without becoming broke himself. What type of "breadwinner" can a black man be in America? Walter Younger is thirty-five years old and all he is, is a limousine driver. He is unhappy with his job and he desperately seeks for an opportunity to improve his family standing. He tells his mother how he feels about his job when she wouldn't give him the ten thousand dollars; I open and close car doors all day long. I drive a man around in his limousine and I say,"Yes sir;no sir,very good sir; shall I take the drive, sir? " Mama, that ain't no kind of job... that ain't nothing at all. Comparing the Dream Deferred in Raisin in the Sun and Death of a Salesman :: comparison compare contrast essays A Dream Deferred in A Raisin in the Sun and Death of a Salesman Most everyone in America would like to achieve financial success. Sometimes living in a capitalistic society entices many to become too materialistic. Greed is the characteristic that many Americans then attain. This is all in pursuit of the American dream. For most Americans, this high status is very difficult to achieve. In Arthur Miller's, Death of a Salesman, we see how difficult it was for Willy Loman and his sons to achieve this so called American dream, and these people were proud white Americans. In Lorraine Hansberry's ,A Raisin in the Son, she examines an African-American's family's struggle to break out of the poverty that is preventing them from achieving some sort of financial stability, or the American Dream. It focuses on Walter's attempt in "making it," or "being somebody." She also analyzes how race prejudice and economic insecurity affect a black mans role in his own family, his ability to provide, and his identity. What Hansberry is trying to illustrate is how West ern civilization has conditioned society to have materialistic aspirations and how these ideals corrupt the black man's identity and his family. Many black men have to deal with a systematic racism that effects their role in society. The frustrations that a black man has to deal with can affect the family a great deal. For example, if Walter gets upset at work or has a bad day, he can't get irate with his boss and risk loosing his job; instead he takes it out on his wife Ruth. Also, the job that he holds can only provide so much to the family. He's not even capable of providing his son Travis with some pocket change without becoming broke himself. What type of "breadwinner" can a black man be in America? Walter Younger is thirty-five years old and all he is, is a limousine driver. He is unhappy with his job and he desperately seeks for an opportunity to improve his family standing. He tells his mother how he feels about his job when she wouldn't give him the ten thousand dollars; I open and close car doors all day long. I drive a man around in his limousine and I say,"Yes sir;no sir,very good sir; shall I take the drive, sir? " Mama, that ain't no kind of job... that ain't nothing at all.

Night by Elie Weisel Book Analysis

Night Analysis Elie Wiesel’s use of language and structure emphasizes the meaning and tone of the selection. Closely examine the memoir and your annotations to find examples of these features of language and structure. Fill in the chart below, providing the definition of the device, 2-3 examples from the text complete with page number references, and the effect of each example on the context in which it is used and the work as a whole.Literary or Stylistic Device| Definition of Device| 3-4 Examples from the Text| Effect of Each Example | Anaphora| The repetition of a word or short phrase at the beginning of a sentence or sentences| 1)†Never shall I forget that night†¦Never shall I forget that smoke†¦Never shall I forget the small faces of the children†¦Never shall I forget those flames†¦Never shall I forget the nocturnal silence†¦Never shall I forget those moments that murdered my God†¦Never shall I forget those things†¦Never. † ( Wiesel 34)2)†Fire! I see a fire! I see a fire!..Look! Look at this fire! This terrible fire!.. Fire! I see a fire!.. Look at the fire! Look at the flames!.. Look at the fire! Look at the flames!.. Jews, look! Look at the fire! Look at the flames! † (Wiesel 24-28)3)†Blessed be the Almighty†¦Blessed be God’s name†¦Blessed be God’s name†¦Blessed be Thou, Almighty, Master of the Universe, who chose us among all nations to be tortured day and night†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Wiesel 67)| 1) The effect of this example is that it shows how Wiesel will never forget anything that happened his first night in camp.Elie Wiesel says he won’t ever forget the smoke, nor the children he saw walk right into death. He won’t forget his lost faith, his silence, or the events that killed his God, his soul, and his dreams. Wiesel will never forget any of those, as long as he lives. Wiesel states, â€Å"Never shall I forget those things, even if I were conde mned to live as long as God Himself. Never. † No matter Wiesel does, or doesn’t do, we will always remember his first night in Birkenau. 2)The effect of this example is that it shows that Mrs.Schachter sees something continuously, but no one else on the cattle car sees it. The fact that she sees these flames and fire before they even arrive in Birkenau symbolizes their fate and death. Some people’s fate on the cattle car was to live and make it through some concentration camps. Others were destined to die in the crematorium with hundreds of others. Mrs. Schachter’s sanity was withering, and she began to hallucinate, even though she was telling the truth. 3)The ffect of this example is that it shows that through all the heartache and trials, the Jews have not lost complete faith. Them saying â€Å"Blessed be†¦Ã¢â‚¬  over and over again represents that they want God to help get them out of the trouble they have been placed in. | Diction| Word choice| 1)†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦A royal feast going to waste!.. A man appeared, crawling snakelike in the direction of the cauldrons. † (Wiesel 59)2)†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Praised be Thy Holy Name, for having chosen us to be slaughtered on Thine altar? † (Wiesel 67)3)’†Here, take this knife,† he said. â€Å"I won’t need it anymore†¦ Also take this spoon. Me inheritance†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Wiesel 75)| 1)The effect of this example is that it shows how rough their months and years have been in the concentration camps, so that when the Jews see 2 cauldrons of soup their minds go spinning. They realize that is the most food they have seen at one time. If the Holocaust had never happened, these Jews wouldn’t appreciate the food they had as much as they did when they came to the camps. The snakelike part enhances the actions of the old man and how secretive he was trying to be so no one would notice him.The way Wiesel uses the words make the actions of the Jews and th e man much more important than what they seem. 2) The effect of this example is that it shows how Elie Wiesel is questioning why he should praise God, if God was the one who left all his people alone to be killed with no purpose. Wiesel uses this question to demonstrate his lost faith and his need to question everything he has learned about God. 3) The effect of this example is that it shows how any typical person would be glad to get their inheritance (money, a car, etc. ).But the fact that all Wiesel’s family had left were a knife and silver spoon, shows how much the SS took from them. Wiesel didn’t even want to take his inheritance because that would have also meant letting go of the last family member he had with him. | Foreshadowing| A hint of what is going to happen| 1)†Mother was stroking my sister’s blond hair, as if to protect her. And I walked on with my father, with the men. I didn’t know that this was the moment in time and the place whe re I was leaving my mother and Tzipora forever. I kept walking, my father holding my hand. (Wiesel 29)2)†Just you wait, kid†¦You will see what it costs to leave your work†¦You’ll pay for this later†¦And now go back to your place†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wiesel 57)3)†Suddenly, the gate opened, and Stern, a former shopkeeper who now was a policeman, entered and took my father aside. Despite the growing darkness, I could see my father turn pale. † (Wiesel 12)| 1)The effect of this example is that it shows how naive and innocent Elie Wiesel was because he didn’t even realize he would never see his sister and mother again. Once he lost sight of them, he would never see nor hear from them again.The SS took so much away from Wiesel and the other Jews that they were too gullible to realize what was going on, and by then, it was too late. 2)The effect of this example is that it shows that because Elie was snooping around and not following the orders he wa s given, he was caught peaking on Idek and a Polish girl and will now â€Å"pay for this†. So now we, the readers, must wait to find out what unknown punishment Wiesel will receive. 3)The effect of this example is that is shows that because father got pale, the Jews began to know something bad was going to happen. Imagery| The use of vivid or figurative language to represent objects, actions, or ideas| 1)†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦They were forced to dig huge trenches. When they had finished their work, the men from the Gestapo began theirs. Without passion or haste, they shot their prisoners, who were forced to approach the trench one by one and offer their necks. Infants were tossed into the air and used as targets for their machine guns. This took place in the Galician forest, near Kolomay†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wiesel 6)2)†In front of us, those flames. In the air, the smell of burning flesh. It must have been around midnight. We had arrived.In Birkenau. â€Å" (Wiesel 28)3)†Not f ar from us, flames, huge flames, were rising from a ditch. Something was being burned there. A truck drew close and unloaded its hold: small children. Babies! Yes, I did see this, with my own eyes†¦children thrown into flames. (Is it any wonder that ever since, then sleep tends to elude me? )† (Wiesel 32)| 1)The effect of this example is that it we, the readers, can visualize what the Jews were doing as they dug their own graves without even knowing it. Those Jewish people had to dig the trenches, and then were shot without a word of prayer said over them. )The effect of this example is that as Wiesel is stepping off the cattle car and taking all this in, it is almost as if we are there with him. You can visualize the smell of burning bodies, and you can see the smoke and flames from the crematorium. This quote takes us to Birkenau and makes us imagine what Elie really saw. 3)The effect of this example is that we can almost see the flames, the ditch, and the babies being dumped into them and burned alive. This quote is so vivid and real that it’s almost like a dream, except for the fact that Elie Wiesel experienced it. Parallel Structure| The author maintains the same structure in the sentence| 1)†Never shall I forget†¦ Never shall I forget†¦ Never shall I forget†¦Never. † (Wiesel 34)2) â€Å"They passed me by, one after the other, my teachers, my friends, the others, some of whom I had once feared, some of whom I had found ridiculous, all of those whose lives I had shared for years. There they went, defeated, their bundles, their lives in tow, having left behind their childhood. They passed me by like beaten dogs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wiesel 17)3)†He is very weak†¦ The weak don’t last very long around here†¦so weak. (Wiesel 45)| 1)The effect of this example is that Elie Wiesel is showing he won’t ever forget and when repeats it over and over, not just to let himself know that, but to let the readers know how significant that night was and how it will and has affected the rest of his life. 2)The effect of this example is that Wiesel is mentioning all the people who had lived in his community, wise or unwise, known or unheard of, they lived with him. And as they walk the streets, their heads are low, and they went by, defeated by the Germans. 3)The effect of this example emphasizes how weak Elie is, and how hard it is to stay healthy in their situation.Weak also shows how cruel the SS are to the Jews because if they weren’t so cruel to them, many of the Jews that were still living, would be strong and healthier than they were. | Polysyndeton| Repetition of a specific conjunction| 1)2)3)| 1)2)3)| Rhetorical Question| A question that is asked, but not meant to be answered| 1)2)3)| 1)2)3)| Symbolism| | 1)2)3)| 1)2)3)| Personification| | 1)2)3)| 1)2)3)| Metaphor| | 1)2)3)| 1)2)3)| Sentence Variety (Syntax)| | 1)2)3)| 1)2)3)| Irony| | 1)2)3)| 1)2)3)| Understatement| | 1)2)3)| 1)2)3)|

How Technology effects North America. U.S. Wage Trends

How Technology effects North America. U.S. Wage Trends The microeconomic picture of the U.S. has changed immensely since 1973, and the trendsare proving to be consistently downward for the nation's high school graduates and highschool drop-outs. 'Of all the reasons given for the wage squeeze - internationalcompetition, technology, deregulation, the decline of unions and defense cuts - technologyis probably the most critical. It has favored the educated and the skilled,' says M. B.Zuckerman, editor-in-chief of U.S. News World Report (7/31/95). Since 1973, wagesadjusted for inflation have declined by about a quarter for high school dropouts, by a sixthfor high school graduates, and by about 7% for those with some college education. Onlythe wages of college graduates are up.Of the fastest growing technical jobs, software engineering tops the list. Carnegie MellonUniversity reports, 'recruitment of it's software engineering students is up this year by over20%.' All engineering jobs are paying well, proving that highly skilled labor is whate mployers want! 'There is clear evidence that the supply of workers in the [unskilled labor]categories already exceeds the demand for their services,' says L.United StatesMishel, Research Directorof Welfare Reform Network.In view of these facts, I wonder if these trends are good or bad for society. 'The danger ofthe information age is that while in the short run it may be cheaper to replace workers withtechnology, in the long run it is potentially self-destructive because there will not be enoughpurchasing power to grow the economy,' M. B. Zuckerman. My feeling is that the trendfrom unskilled labor to highly technical, skilled labor is a good one! But, political actionmust be taken to ensure that this societal evolution is beneficial to all of us. 'Back in 1970,a high school diploma could still be a...

How Conservatives Think About Race in America

How Conservatives Think About Race in America When it comes to how conservatives think about race in America, no issue provides a clearer picture of their perspective than affirmative action. Conservatives see the issue very differently than liberals. While liberals believe affirmative action programs create opportunities for disadvantaged minorities where they didnt previously exist, conservatives believe these programs actually serve to foster racism by denying opportunities to others who are equally qualified. Further, most affirmative action programs address specific minorities, while alienating others. From a conservative perspective, this creates tension and undermines the ideal of racial equality. Conservatives are much less apt to adopt sympathetic attitudes toward minorities on the basis of their race alone. Conservatives assume racial equality exists to begin with and base their policies on that assumption. Therefore, when it comes to an issue like hate crimes, for example, conservatives disagree with the notion entirely.If some unconscionable crime is perpetrated upon someone based on that persons ethnicity, conservatives dont believe the victim should receive more justice because of it. The idea of more or less justice doesnt make sense to conservatives, since they believe there can only be one form of justice, applied equally to everyone. If the same unconscionable crime is perpetrated upon someone based on that persons financial circumstances, for example, that victim should be no less entitled to the same pursuit of justice. A crime is a crime, regardless of the motivation behind it.Conservatives believe that affirmative action programs and hate crime legislation often do more harm to the pursuit of racial harmony than good. These types of legislative programs might serve to build resentment outside the particular minority community they serve, which, in turn, promotes the very disharmony they are designed to circumvent.When attention is spent on race, conservatives believe no good can come from it.

Implement Equal Opportunities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Implement Equal Opportunities - Essay Example This will ensure that employees are granted a platform to perform well. (Heidi Brinkman, 1997) Managers need to ensure that there are certain social dimensions incorporated in their management practise. It is also crucial to remember gender issues in the delicate act of employee management. There are certain societies where women may receive fewer opportunities in job acceptance while there may be others where policies tend to make it more difficult for them to climb up the ladders of their careers. Gender stereotypes must be eliminated from organisations. Gender mainstreaming issues need to receive a lot of attention in this regard. Persons with disabilities must also be included in this issue. They should not be discriminated against and due laws in that area need to be followed to the letter. In China, the creation of the gender ministry was created fairly recently. This came about as result of international pressure. China realised that certain countries like Australia and United Kingdom had serious antidiscrimination laws for their citizens. Therefore in the year 1993, China followed suite. Consequently, there are still many volunteer groups, government bodies and other non-governmental groups that have recently taken interests in gender related issues. It would therefore be wise for managers in China to familiarise themselves with these bodies. Managers have to make sure that their decisions concur with Chinese legislations and values held by these gender bodies. China is also part of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. (APEC). This is an international body that deals with numerous economic issues include equal opportunities in the Asian Continent. It should also be noted that China modelled its equal opportunities legislations after the United Kingdom. Managers wh o may not be aware of those legislations may find it difficult to implement equal opportunities in that region. (Brown, 1995) After considering necessary legislations, managers who may have the goodwill to accommodate women fairly in their organisations may face obstacles in the process of trying to make sure that the latter group grow in their careers. Currently, the Chinese government has not instituted laws that allow child care provisions for married women. The lack of support from government legislations could bring problems to its implementation. This is the reason why China still ranks low in terms of women representation at the workplace. Compared to other developed countries, the number of married women in China' workforce is only forty eight percent. Although this is a slight improvement from what it was in the late 90s, the percentage is still low for a developed country. Employers need to realise that there is still some lack of support for women's incentives in employment. They will therefore have difficulties when trying to provide women with incentives for their families since support systems like child care facilities are still lacking in China. Sexual preference Managers trying to implement equal opportunities in China may be faced with the problem of dealing with sexual preference issues. The Chinese society is quite conservative in this regard. It is only recently that the Chinese government changed their laws, just a few years ago, the country used to consider homosexuality a crime. This does not mean that there is open discrimination in the workplace against gay men and women.